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Holstein calves were fed pelleted iso-starch (25% of starter dry matter) diets containing barley (n = 16), corn (n = 16), oat (n = 16), and wheat (n = 16) starch for 12 wk of age. Feed consumption, nutrient intake, body weight (BW...
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Holstein calves were fed pelleted iso-starch (25% of starter dry matter) diets containing barley (n = 16), corn (n = 16), oat (n = 16), and wheat (n = 16) starch for 12 wk of age. Feed consumption, nutrient intake, body weight (BW) gain, skeletal growth, and selected blood metabolites in calves during preweaning (d 1 to 49) and postweaning (d 50 to 84) periods were measured. Average daily starter consumption during preweaning and postweaning periods was the greatest in calves fed corn died followed by those fed a wheat diet and then in those fed barley and oat diets. During the preweaning period, the calves provided corn and wheat diets consumed greater amount of mixed grass hay than those fed barley and oat diets. During the postweaning period, mixed grass hay intake was the greatest in calves provided corn diet followed by those fed a wheat diet and then in those fed barley and oat diets. Nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, starch, and neutral detergent fiber) intake followed the solid feed consumption pattern in calves. Body weight and body measurements (body length, body barrel, heart girth, wither height, and hip height) at birth and at weaning (d 49) in calves fed different starch sources were similar. Body weight and body measurements at postweaning (d 84) were the greatest in calves fed a corn diet followed by those fed a wheat diet and then in those fed barley and oat diets. Overall average BW gain and total dry matter intake were the greatest in calves fed a corn diet than in those fed wheat, barley, and oat diets. Feed efficiency was greater in calves fed corn and wheat diets than in those fed barley and oat diets. Blood glucose, blood urea N, triglycerides, cholesterol, and creatinine were reduced with the advancing age of calves. Lesser blood glucose and greater blood urea N concentrations at wk
8, 10, and 12 of age were noticed in calves fed corn diet than in those fed barley, oat, and wheat diets. Occurrence of diarrhea was more frequent in calves fed oat diet than in those provided barley, corn, and wheat diets. Starch sources did not influence respiratory score, rectal temperature, and general appearance score. In conclusion, the calves on corn diet consumed more solid feed and gained greater BW than those fed barley, oat, and wheat diets.
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In this paper, the photoelastic experimental hybrid method for fracture mechanics is developed. Using the photoelastic experimental hybrid, it is certified that we can precisely obtain stress intensity Factor and separate the stre...
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In this paper, the photoelastic experimental hybrid method for fracture mechanics is developed. Using the photoelastic experimental hybrid, it is certified that we can precisely obtain stress intensity Factor and separate the stress components from only the isochromatic fringe patterns.
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The circulation pathways and subsurface cooling and freshening of warm deep water on the central Amundsen Sea shelf are deduced from hydrographic transects and four subsurface moorings. The Amundsen Sea continental shelf is inters...
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The circulation pathways and subsurface cooling and freshening of warm deep water on the central Amundsen Sea shelf are deduced from hydrographic transects and four subsurface moorings. The Amundsen Sea continental shelf is intersected by the Dotson trough (DT), leading from the outer shelf to the deep basins on the inner shelf. During the measurement period, warm deep water was observed to flow southward on the eastern side of DT in approximate geostrophic balance. A northward outflow from the shelf was also observed along the bottom in the western side of DT. Estimates of the flow rate suggest that up to one-third of the inflowing warm deep water leaves the shelf area below the thermocline in this deep outflow. The deep current was 1.2℃ colder and 0.3 psu fresher than the inflow, but still warm, salty, and dense compared to the overlying water mass. The temperature and salinity properties suggest that the cooling and freshening process is induced by subsurface melting of glacial ice, possibly from basal melting of Dotson and Getz ice shelves. New heat budgets are presented, with a southward oceanic heat transport of 3.3 TW on the eastern side of the DT, a northward oceanic heat transport of 0.5-1.6 TW on the western side, and an ocean-to-glacier heat flux of 0.9-2.53 TW, equivalent to melting glacial ice at the rate of 83-237km~3yr~(-1). Recent satellite-based estimates of basal melt rates for the glaciers suggest comparable values for the Getz and Dotson ice shelves.
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The authors report on the growth mechanism of ZnO homoepitaxy at the low-temperature range of 500 °C, which is unavailable to obtain high-quality ZnO films in heteroepitaxy. One typical set of ZnO films were grown on (0001) ZnO s...
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The authors report on the growth mechanism of ZnO homoepitaxy at the low-temperature range of 500 °C, which is unavailable to obtain high-quality ZnO films in heteroepitaxy. One typical set of ZnO films were grown on (0001) ZnO substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy: a standard structure without buffer and two buffered structures with high-temperature (HT) homobuffer and low-temperature (LT) homobuffer. As a result, the LT homobuffered structure had the outstanding material properties: the surface roughness is 0.9 nm, the full width at half maximum of x-ray rocking curve is 13 arcsec, and the emission linewidth of donor-bound excitons is 2.4 meV. In terms of the theoretical interpretation of the experimentally obtained electron mobilities, it was found that the LT homobuffered structure suffers less from the dislocation scattering and the ionized-impurity scattering compared to the HT homobuffered structure. It is proposed that, in the ZnO low-temperature homoepitaxy, the LT homobuffer plays a key role in inducing the complete termination of dislocations in the homointerface and suppressing the outdiffusion of contaminants and point defects on the ZnO surface, which results in the formation of smooth wetting layer on the homointerface.
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The electronic structures of SrMn_(1-x)Fe_xO_3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) have been investigated by using photoemission spec-troscopy (PES), soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Both Mn and Fe ...
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The electronic structures of SrMn_(1-x)Fe_xO_3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) have been investigated by using photoemission spec-troscopy (PES), soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Both Mn and Fe ions are found to be nearly tetravalent for the whole range of x in SrMn_(1-x)Fe_xO_3. Valence-band PES measurements show the broader Fe 3d (t_(2g)~3e_g~1) bands than the Mn 3d (t_(2g)~3) bands and the finite metallic intensity near E_F in the Fe 3d PES of SrFeO_3 in agreement with the metallic ground state of SrFeO_3. The Fe 2p XMCD spectra exhibit the enhanced XMCD effect for 0.6 ≤ x ≤ 0.8 in SrMn_(1-x)Fe_xO_3, which is consistent with the spin-glass behavior in the intermediate substitution, while the Mn 2p states exhibit the negligible XMCD effect.
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Electronic structures of FeCr_2X_4 (X=S and Se) have been investigated by employing soft-x-ray absorption spectroscopy and soft-x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). It is found that FeCr_2S_4 and FeCr_2Se_4 have similar elect...
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Electronic structures of FeCr_2X_4 (X=S and Se) have been investigated by employing soft-x-ray absorption spectroscopy and soft-x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). It is found that FeCr_2S_4 and FeCr_2Se_4 have similar electronic structures. The val
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The characteristics of interfacial reactions and the valence band offset of HfO_2 films grown on GaAs by atomic layer deposition were investigated by combining high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution e...
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The characteristics of interfacial reactions and the valence band offset of HfO_2 films grown on GaAs by atomic layer deposition were investigated by combining high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution electron transmission microscopy. The interfacial characteristics are significantly dependent on the surface state of the GaAs substrate. Polycrystalline HfO_2 film on a clean GaAs surface was changed to a well-ordered crystalline film as the annealing temperature increased, and a clean interface with no interfacial layer formed at temperatures above 600 ℃. The valence band offset of the film grown on the oxidized GaAs surface gradually increased with the stoichiometric change in the interfacial layer.
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Optical properties and carrier dynamics of high-efficiency green-light-emitting InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with graded-In-content were studied by photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation, and time-resolved PL techniques....
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Optical properties and carrier dynamics of high-efficiency green-light-emitting InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with graded-In-content were studied by photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation, and time-resolved PL techniques. Two separated InGaN-related peaks were clearly found in PL spectra due to strong phase separation in the well of the graded-In-content InGaN MQWs. The integrated intensity of the main InGaN green emission (～510 nm) decreased by only about a factor of 7 with increasing temperature from 10 to 300 K, indicating strong carrier localization and high quantum efficiency. Strong carrier transfer from low-in-content region with weak carrier localization to high-in-content part with strong carrier localization was observed by time-resolved PL. Therefore, we conclude that the effective carrier transfer from weakly to strongly localized states plays an important role to enhance brightness and quantum efficiency in the green-light-emitting InGaN MQWs with graded-In content.
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Ruminal parameters, rumen development, nutrient digestibilities, and N utilization were estimated in Holstein calves fed starch from different sources. Ground corn, ground barley, ground wheat, and crimped oats were used to formul...
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Ruminal parameters, rumen development, nutrient digestibilities, and N utilization were estimated in Holstein calves fed starch from different sources. Ground corn, ground barley, ground wheat, and crimped oats were used to formulate 4 isostarch (25% of starter dry matter) pelleted diets. These diets were randomly allocated to calves (16 calves per treatment, 8 female and 8 male) and fed ad libitum along with mixed grass hay throughout the experiment. Ruminal contents and blood were sampled at d 35,50, and 70 of age to estimate ruminal parameters and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, respectively. At d 70, twenty-four male calves (6/treat-ment) were randomly selected, euthanized, and foresto-mach weight, papillae length (PL), papillae width (PW), rumen wall thickness (RWT), and papillae concentration were measured. At d 63, twenty-four female calves (6/treatment) were randomly selected and moved to metabolism stalls to estimate total tract apparent nutrient digestibilities and N utilization. Female calves were given 2 wk for adaptation to experimental facilities and then total collections of feces and urine were made from d 77 to 84 of age. Ruminal pH at d 35 of age was higher in calves fed corn and oat diets than in those fed barley and wheat diets. Ruminal pH at d 50 and 70 of age was the lowest in calves on barley diets followed by those on oat and wheat diets and then by those on the corn diet. Ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentrations at d 35 of age were greatest in calves fed corn or wheat diets followed by those fed barley and oat diets. Calves on corn and wheat diets maintained greater ruminal volatile fatty acids concentrations at d 50 and 70 of age. Ruminal ammonia, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were also
greater in calves on the corn and wheat diets. Full and empty weights of forestomach, PL, PW, RWT, and papillae concentrations were greater in calves on corn and wheat diets. Daily average intake of nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, starch, Ca, and P) was greater in calves fed corn and wheat diets than in those fed barley and oat diets. Starch source did not influence the total tract apparent digestibilities of nutrients in calves. Daily N retention (g/d) was greatest on the corn diet followed by the wheat diet and then the barley and oat diets. In conclusion, calves on a corn diet have greater ruminal capacity to accommodate feed bulk. More physically and metaboli-cally functional rumens in calves on corn and wheat diets probably resulted in greater feed consumption and N retention.
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